World experience of land lease
Ukraine real estate properties abroad
Land relations in all countries of the world have come a long way of development, and each country had its own peculiarities of this process.
In England, the capitalist ownership of land arose from the expulsion of peasants from their fundamentals of land and fencing off their land.
In Germany, Russia and several other European countries landed estates gradually became capitalist economy. Land reforms of 1848 and 1861.in these countries, by abolishing the feudal serf system, resulted in a large number of small farms. French Revolution abolished the feudal zemlevladenie.Zemlya in the French departments were given to private ownership.In this country firmly established small peasant farm. In the U.S., where most of the territory was not feudal property relations, in terms of free provision of land multimillion-dollar class emerged gomstederam landowners.
In all other developed countries has received widespread rent land from landowners, peasants, farmers and capitalists, entrepreneurs
Rent - this is a temporary provision of land for fee-capitalist tenant or peasant.Land rent maximum development has in some developed Western countries.
So in the 80-ies of XX-th century part of the leased land accounted for 40%, this figure has remained unchanged over the past decades. In France leased a little more than half of the land.Even in England, classic country, land rent, part of it in the late 80-ies of XX-th century was about 40% compared with 90% at the beginning of the century.
Rather widespread family land lease.This form of land lease, when the head of the family - the owner of the land - the land has been leased to a member of his family. In Germany, England, a land lease has 15-20% of the rent of land.The family renting the land - the dominant and has the benefits, often being the primary form of land to heirs without paying the high land tax.
Of all types of agricultural enterprises, the most common in developed Western countries are family farms, which tend to run their economy on its own or use some hired labor for seasonal work.
Large capitalist farms use industrial and economic activity wage labor. In the farms of the first type are the property of the farmer-producer on the ground, on produced products. It is based on their own labor force participation.
At the same time you should not idealize the peasant farmers. Many of them are going bankrupt every year, unable to compete with large capitalist farms. There is a constant concentration of agricultural production, displacement of small farms, large.If in 1934 in the United States, there were 6.8 million farms in 1964 the number had decreased to 3.2 million, and in the early 90's - up to 2 million households.
In the second half of the 80-ies started an active process of creating rental enterprises.At lease the legal owner of the means of production does not change. Behind it retains the right to assign parts produced with the help of its resources product. Tenant does not become the means of production, he uses them only temporarily.Moreover, they produced the product also is not his property, as part of it in the form of rent shall transmit to the lessor.
Simultaneously, the position of the worker-tenant qualitatively different from that of the employee.At the time, identified by the contract, the lessee becomes the owner, who has the right to make decisions related to production and sales of manufactured products.
In countries with developed market economies, planned tenant recognized legal entity, its rights protected by law. Under favorable circumstances, the tenant may become the absolute master leased means of production. redeem them.
"Lessee, - according to Samuelson, - can live on a farm, have production workers, sometimes even hold half of inventory, cattle. Such is the situation when he divides the annual income of the landowner.In the most favorable lease terms is a step on the ladder, on which a young farmer can get to the rightful owner of the farm. "
Experience rent in the developed Western countries, it makes sense to use and the Ukraine.To do this you must create an appropriate legal framework and the necessary economic conditions.But even now in the farms where the land and other means of production were leased to the collective farmers and workers of state farms and did not stop interference in the administration of industrial and economic activities of tenants, a system of distribution of income,inflated rents, etc.
In this regard, in the late 80's - early 90-ies the peasants demanded the right to withdraw from the public sector with a land eral resources and the formation of independent farming.These requirements, as well as the need to exit the protracted agrarian crisis forced the authorities of Ukraine, like other states of the former Union to change its attitude towards the peasant (farmer's) economy.
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